Ein Reservierungsverfahren für die Rechtsschutzversicherung nach Art der Lebensversicherung

In this paper we introduce a new approach to the calculation of claims reserves (known and IBNR cases) which is particularly adapted to the business model of legal expense insurance. An essential aspect here is the split into two model components: case numbers and average claim costs. In contrast to other reserving methods for case numbers and claims cash flows which are frequently used in practice without checking the validity for application we introduce a model in which the time until case settlement is described by a lifetime distribution according to the principles of life insurance. The split of model components also allows for a simple implementation of cost inflation effects which is required by German law. Finally, the approach proposed here can readily be transferred to the calculation of IBNR reserves.     

Standort Deutschland – abgeschlagen im Wettbewerb um Hochqualifizierte?

Die Zuwanderung von hochqualifizierten Arbeitskr?ften wird von Unternehmern, Politikern und Wissenschaftlern gewünscht. Welche Position nimmt Deutschland im internationalen Wettbewerb um die „hellsten K?pfe“ ein? Welche Steuerungswirkungen hatte die deutsche Zuwanderungspolitik in der Vergangenheit? Wie wirkt die gegenw?rtige Politik auf die Arbeitsmigration?     

Darmfunktionsstörungen – Herausforderung im Pflegealltag

Stuhlinkontinenz und Obstipation - Im Pflegealltag stellen Darmfunktionsst?rungen eine Herausforderung dar: Denn die Versorgung des stuhlinkontinenten Patienten bedeutet einen immensen Zeitaufwand und die chronische Obstipation erscheint als Wohlstandskrankheit, die trotz intensiver Bemühungen nur teilweise beherrscht werden kann.     

III. Weltwirtschaft und wirtschaft einzlner länderund und gebiete

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Road accidents involving bicycles: configurations and injuries

This study analyzed the most common types of accident involving bicycles and compared the frequency of injuries. The data source was the database of German In-Depth Accident Study (GIDAS). Cases consist of bicycles and their riders involved in accidents between 2000 and 2010. In most collisions, the bicycle impacted with a car. The percentage of injured bicyclists was higher in collisions with a heavy vehicle and decreased when the bicycle impacted with lighter vehicles. A high percentage of injured bicyclists in single accidents was observed; the most severe injury was more frequently to head and extremities. Accidents involving a car and a bicycle with the right of way in a bicycle path represented about 20% of involved and injured bicyclists. The ten most frequent configurations represented about 60% of involved and injured bicyclists. These results contribute to understand the dangerous scenarios for bicyclists and to suggest preventive actions.     

Promotion of Electricity from Renewable Energy in Europe Post 2020—The Economic Benefits of Cooperation

The availability of renewable energies differs significantly across European regions. Consequently, European cooperation in the deployment of renewable energy potentially yields substantial efficiency gains. However, for achieving the 2020 renewable energy targets, most countries purely rely on domestic production. In this paper, we analyze the benefits of cooperation compared to continuing with national renewable energy support after 2020. We use an optimization model of the European electricity system and find that compared to a 2030 CO₂-only target (?40 % compared to 1990), electricity system costs increase by 5 to 7 % when a European-wide renewable energy target for electricity generation (of 55 %) is additionally implemented. However, these additional costs are 41 to 45 % lower than the additional costs which would arise if the renewable energy target was reached through national support schemes (without cooperation). Furthermore, the cost reduction achieved by cooperation is quite robust with regard to assumptions about interconnector extensions and investment cost developments of renewable energy technologies. In practice, however, administrative issues and questions concerning the fair sharing of costs and benefits between the Member States represent major obstacles that need to be tackled in order to reach renewable energy targets at the lowest costs possible.     

Locational Choices of Firms and Decentralized Environmental Policy with Various Instruments

Suppose there exists a federation with a given number of mobile firms generating waste emissions in the jurisdiction in which they locate. This paper demonstrates that if jurisdictions use emission taxes or marketable emission rights to control pollution within their boundaries and distribute the revenues captured by these instruments in a socially efficient way, firms locate efficiently, taking their pollution externalities into account. Decentralized environmental policy relying on direct controls, however, prevents locational efficiency of mobile firms. Furthermore, if jurisdictions are small, decentralized environmental policy with emission taxes and marketable pollution rights also support an efficient environmental quality, while a policy using direct controls sets too high emission standards.